Many physics teachers do a "target shoot" lab for conservation of energy. The basics of the lab is that students roll a ball down a curved ramp and predict where it will land. By calculating the change in gravitational energy from the top to the bottom of the ramp ("Phase A" in the sketch), students can use this as the kinetic energy at the top of the drop ("Phase B" in the sketch) and calculate the velocity of the ball (at this point all horizontal). They then calculate the distance the ball will land from the table.

The key is they don't get the ball until they are ready to take the test (otherwise some will roll it down the ramp and record where it lands). You can either give them the mass of the ball, or point out to them that both gravitational and kinetic energy use mass, so it can be canceled out when you set Eg = Ek

Note: I use the Modeling Instruction symbolism "Ek" etc. instead of KE, to emphasize to students that all energy is the same, just stored in different means--this symbolism follows standard physics/science symbolism of using a large letter for this concept (e.g. Energy, Friction), and adding a subscript for the different types (e.g. kinetic and static for friction, kinetic, gravitational, elastic for energy).

I first did this with a cup with clay in the bottom. Students would place the cup where they predicted the ball would land, then roll the ball down and see if they were accurate. But I've since come up with a target with grade letters on it. Once the make their calculations of where the ball will land, they carefully line up the ramp with their target (I put + and - sideways on the target, since this "lining up" is more eyeball than physics). Once they have their target taped on the floor, I come around with a piece of carbon paper (many students have not seen this before) and place it on top of the target. I then roll the ball off the ramp three times, and they get the average of the three results (usually all three dots are very close to each other). It's always great to see their faces as the carbon paper is lifted and they get to see their grades!

Rotational energy

One caution on this lab: about 25% of the gravitational energy is converted to rotational energy, so the results are not where they predict. In my class, I simply point out to students that to get a ball rotating, work is required and thus some of the gravitational energy is converted into this rotational energy. In their calculations, they deduct this 25%, and their results are excellent. With more advanced classes, students could calculate the rotational energy themselves.

Handouts

Below are the handouts I use with my students. The tutorial walks them through the process, so you may or may not want to provide it to your students.

• Tutorial for ball on ramp / energy lab
• Target for ball on ramp lab

The tutorial assumes that students have learned that the angle of the ramp doesn't matter, only the height that the ball falls.

OK. Float a ball in a beaker of water in an elevator. The ball floats because the buoyant force of the water displaced by the ball is equal to the weight of the water.

Now, accelerate the elevator upward. What happens to the ball? Does it: Sink lower, rise higher, or stay the same?

Here's my video with the answer:

Once the video is playing, you can click on it to get to the YouTube page with larger size and high definition versions.

One of my new tasks for 2009 is Web Weaver for the Northern California/Nevade American Association of Physics Teachers. Today we launched a re-designed web site, powered by WordPress, my favorite Content Management System (CMS). Visit ncnaapt.org.

If you don't see a menu on the right side, the new server location probably hasn't made it to your corner of the internet yet. Come back in an hour or two and refresh the page to see the new revisions.

Egg drop contest

One of the classic physics projects is an egg drop contest. Students develop an apparatus to hold an egg that will be dropped from the second or third floor (depending on how high the teacher can get easily). This cartoon is a great twist on that, and maybe a reason to use only unfertilized eggs...